UNHCR Protection Manual - Related sources

This paper explores the meaning and scope of the 1951 refugee definition in regards to refugee protection claims of individuals who have fled armed conflict and other situations of violence and identifies conflicting trends in international refugee law and practice concerning such claims. This paper argues that the 1951 Convention is a relevant tool for the protection of people who have fled armed conflict and other situations of violence in their country of origin. Though the mere fact of having fled from such situations does not substantiate a claim to refugee status under the 1951 Convention, the wording of the 1951 refugee definition, the object and purpose of the 1951 Convention and its historical background warrant an inclusive interpretation regarding refugee protection claims arising out of armed conflict and other situations of violence.

This paper aims to bring some preliminary focus to a sub‐set of female refugee claimants, by asking three interrelated questions. 1) can violence directed against women and girls during conflict ever be described as indiscriminate (and therefore not persecutory for the purposes of the Refugee Convention)? 2) on what legal basis, if any, could a woman or girl fleeing conflict meet the definition of ‘refugee’? 3) what problems do women and girls fleeing conflict face when making refugee claims, and are these problems different from those faced by female claimants fleeing peacetime ill‐ treatment?

"social visibility" and "particularity" requirements for the ground of membership to a particular social group for refugee protection.