UNHCR Protection Manual - Related sources

on the determination of individual responsibility; application of Article 1F and Article 33(2) in the US; material support bar.

family as a particular social group; nexus between persecution feared and Convention ground.

female genital mutilation; gender-related persecution; particular social group.

This guide focuses on the legal process and framework, which is in many ways a pre-requisite for the realization of the other dimensions of successful integration. It is a process which should lead to permanent residence rights and ultimately, the acquisition of citizenship. Beyond securing legal rights, the economic and socio-cultural dimensions of life in the country of asylum are also integral to successful integration. As such, the recommended standards set out in this guide will reflect the importance for refugees of attaining a growing degree of self-reliance, being able to pursue sustainable livelihoods and contributing to the economic life of the host country.

This study is a contribution to UNHCR’s Agenda for Protection in 2002, which urged ‘States more concertedly to explore alternative approaches to the detention of asylum seekers and refugees ...’ in response to the increasing use of detention of asylum seekers and/or refugees. This study presents an overview of the legal standards under international law applicable to both detention as well as alternatives to detention. Then it goes on to present a range of alternatives to detention used by many receiving countries and attempts to evaluate those measures, specifically in relation to rates of absconding.