UNHCR Protection Manual - Related sources

This paper will examine both the jurisprudence in international criminal law and domestic refugee law to assess the contours of the various forms of indirect liability, their overlap as well as some difficulties, which have been encountered in applying these principles of accountability.

The research examined three countries (India, Egypt & Yemen) in which livelihoods assessments had been carried out, but where the right to work remains both out of reach for most urban refugees and a difficult topic on which to conduct advocacy, due to socio-economic conditions, the host government's position on integration or other factors. UNHCR has produced operational guidelines on urban livelihoods and is also creating practical guidelines on advocating for the right to work of displaced populations. This paper seeks to highlight challenges and opportunities in this area, and to contribute both to these guidelines and to the larger discussion around enhancing the space for realising urban refugees' right to work.

Cross-border displacement as a result of natural disasters and the effects of climate change has been identified as a normative gap in the international protection regime. This paper focuses on the relevance of complementary protection standards applicable at the universal, regional and national levels as a means to address such displacement. It provides an overview of current discussions on climate-related forced displacement and legal responses to it.

This paper presents one example of how ‘the human face of climate change’ has been brought to an international policy arena – the UNFCCC climate negotiations – in a relatively short period of time by a coordinated effort of research and operational organizations. It describes a process that culminated in the Cancun Adaptation Framework, agreed to recently at COP16 (Dec. 2010). It further assesses the current and future complementary roles for research and operational expertise in identifying policy alternatives to address migration and displacement in the context of climate change. The final section of this paper draws conclusions and reflects on policy implications for research and practice.